One of the fundamental principles of all computer processors are the same. Fundamentally, they receive all the signals in the form of 0s and 1S (two binary signals), manipulate them according to a set of guidelines, and produce output in the form of 0s and 1S. Voltage, in accordance with the signal is sent determines whether the signal is 0 or 1. From 3.3-voltaic system, the implementation of the 3 / 3 volts means it is 1, and the application of 0 volts means it is 0.
Processors operate at the entrance of reactive 1S and 0s in specific ways and then return to production according to the decision. The decision comes at a compound called a logic gate, each of them requires at least a transistor, with inputs and outputs arranged in different ways by different operations. The fact that today's processors contain millions of transistors gives an idea of how complex the system logic. Processor logic gates work together to make decisions using boolean logic, which is based on algebraic system established by the mathematician George Boole.
Basic boolean operators AND, OR, NOT, and Nand (not) many combinations of them as best they can. AND gate output 1 only if both its inputs were 1S. A gate or 1 if the results of at least one of the inputs is 1. AND NOT gate takes one input and modify it, outputting 1 if the input is 0 and vice versa. Nand gates are very popular because they use only two transistors instead of three on goal and still give as much as possible. In addition, the processor uses gates in combination to perform arithmetic functions, it can also use them to trigger storage of data in memory.
Logic gates operate by having a hardware switch - in particular, a digital key. In the days of room size computers, the keys were actually physical keys, but now nothing is moving except for its current. The most common type of join in computers today is known as the transistor MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor). This type of transistor perform the function of simple but crucial: When voltage is applied to, he responds by turning on or off, or chain. In a processors, voltage MOSFETs act which sets the CPU voltage requirements. Until 2V processor logic circuits have been built with which react MOSFETS-2V, hence the input current or high voltage near the end of the series, 2V, key chain and a current entry in or near 0V switches off joint.
Millions MOSFETs work together, depending on the instructions of the program to control the flow of electricity through logic gates to produce the required result. Again, any logic gate contains one or more transistors, each transistor has a current control scheme so that people would switch to remote distance to go, or stay in its current state.
Quick look at the simple and / or lock logic circuit diagrams showing how the works. Each of these acts, the doors of the two signals that come to produce a signal output. Logical and would mean that the two inputs should be 1 to enable the production of 1 or logical means, or which may be input from 1 to obtain the result 1. AND gate as the input signal must be high (or logic 1) the gate current to pass through itself.
In the flow of electricity through each gate is controlled by the gate of the transistor. However, these transistors are not individual and separate elements. Instead, many of them are made from a piece of silicon (or other semiconductor materials) and linked together without wires or other foreign materials. These units are called integrated circuits (ICS) and development, mainly from the complexity of microprocessor possible. Integration schemes have not stopped with the first ICS. As the first multiple connected transistors ICS, ICS much the same way related to the process known as a high degree of integration (SMI); any party to such ICS are linked in a process called too big to scale integration (VLSI).
Modern day microprocessors contain tens of millions of microscopic transistors. Used in combination with resistors, capacitors and diodes, they constitute the logic gates. Logic gates integrated circuits and electronic systems ICS. Intel claiming to see put in the name of its high level of integration of all processing logic gates in a complex single processor chip - the Intel 4004 - released in late 1971. This is a 4-bit microprocessor designed for use in the calculator. It processed data in 4 BITS, its guidelines, but were over 8 BITS. Program memory and data are separated, 1KB and 4KB respectively. There were also sixteen 4-bit (or eight 8-bit) general purpose registers. In 4004 had 46 instructions, using only 2300 transistors in 16-pin Dip and ran at a clock rate of 740kHz (eight hours of CPU cycles cycle 10.8 microseconds).
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